Already during the time of King Casimir, Jews in Kraków played an important role in the regional economy. From the end of the 13th century, they were granted freedom of worship, construction of synagogues, freedom of trade, movement, travel and immigration. This contributed to the gradual increase of the Jewish community. Jews settled coming from nearer or more distant regions and countries to the east or west of Poland. Jews lived undisturbed with their Christian neighbors under the patronage of King Casimir. He understood that only the peaceful coexistence of different religions and peoples in the Kingdom can bring prosperity in all senses. What happened since then? Answers can be found in this lecture by Anđelko Srđak.